(b)++DNA+Structure+(Q+4-9)

//Every cell an organism possesses, depends on the proteins that their cell produces.//

//In order for cells to focus in the many different ways they do, they have to produce different proteins. The instructions for the production of these proteins at any time are carried as genes on the chromosomes in the cell. DNA stands for deoxyribonnucleic acid for short. This information can be shown below://

(//Complete)// DNA controls the production of proteins which in turn form characteristics (for example appearance) //(Complete).// //(How)//

Each amino acid is formed from three bases which all form to make a protein.


 * What is the DNA molecule made up of? **

A DNA molecule consists of a two stands that are twisted in a spiral shape - almost like a twisted ladder - and this shape is more often called the double helix. The backbone - which holds the structure - is made up of sugar and phosphate. The double helix is made up of the backbone and its bases. The bases of the helix are made of different nucleotide molecules and there are four different types of nucleotide molecules found in a double helix: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. Click [|here] for a detailed animation of the DNA structure.

.//(Structure)// Every person on the planet has DNA which is essential for building the proteins needed to live and also some proteins which are individualized, this makes each of us unique and so we can use DNA fingerprinting to find out who was at a crime scene. //(Fingerprint)//

DNA fingerprinting in laboratories require 6 main steps:
 * **Isolation** - When the DNA is recovered from cells or tissues within the body. The sample of DNA can come from small amounts of tissue such as blood, hair, saliva or skin. However, a sample of the root from a single hair strand can provide sufficient data for scientists to work with.


 * **Fragmentation** - Special enzymes known as restriction enzymes are responsible for cutting the DNA into specific areas, according to the DNA sequence at that location. In bacteria for instance, an enzyme known as EcoR1 will cut DNA when the sequence GAATTC occurs in a certain location.


 * **Separation** - After the process of cutting occurs, the DNA pieces are then sorted by size through a process called electrophoresis, in which the pieces are passed through a special gel made of seaweed agarose (which is a jelly-like substance produced by seaweed), to determine the size of each DNA piece.


 * **Transfer of DNA to Nylon** - The DNA fragments are then transferred onto a nylon sheet. This is done by placing it on top of the gel and allowing all the moisture to be absorbed. Afterwards, the DNA fragments are then gently transferred from the gel back onto the surface of the nylon. This process is known as blotting.


 * **Probing** - Radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface, which will join to any DNA fragment that shares the same composition. A pattern is then formed, which is known as a DNA fingerprint. The final step within the process of fingerprinting is to place a photographic film on the surface of the nylon. The probes form a specific pattern or code by leaving marks onto where they attach to on the nylon sheets.


 * **Profile Comparisons** - Researchers are then able to read and compare different DNA fingerprints to each other for matches.




 * A great video overview is:**

media type="youtube" key="qy8dk5iS1f0" height="315" width="420" []

[|Here] is another good overview of Dna structure. A very simply and clear video that explains the structure of a DNA

media type="youtube" key="rromYAt1Lfw" height="315" width="420" Works Cited //Complete Biology for You//. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. “DNA fingerprinting.” //BBC Bitesize//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. . //DNA structure//. //YouTube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. . “Fingerprint.” Chart. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. []>. Freudenrich, Craig Ph.D. "How DNA Works." //HowStuffWorks//. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2012.  //From RNA to Protein Synthesis//. //YouTube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. . “Genetic Code.” Chart. //BBC Bitesize//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. . Hallick, Richard B. “Introduction to DNA structure.” //Introductory course in Biology and Biochemistry//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. . “How a protein is produced using the genetic code.” Chart. //BBC Bitesize//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. . //How do genes direct the production of proteins?// N.d. //Genetics Home Reference//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. . //How Stuff Works//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. . “Structure of DNA.” Chart. //Blogspot//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2012. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/‌-dTn76wx1HDI/‌T3sta7KcHsI/‌AAAAAAAAAB8/‌OyKmf80vtM0/‌s1600/‌DNA_Structure.jpg>. //Wiki Answers//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. <http://wiki.answers.com/‌Q/‌What_is_DNA_triplet#ixzz1vsrhDNDi>. Williams, Gareth. //Biology for you//. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">YouTube //. Dir. Plank2n. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">YouTube //. YouTube, 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 01 June 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rromYAt1Lfw>. "DNA Fingerprinting." DNA Fingerprinting. Web. 01 June 2012. []. DNA Triplet Code. Digital image. Http:s1.hubimg.com. Web. 1 June 2012. []. "How DNA Fingerprinting Works." How DNA Fingerprinting Works. Web. 01 June 2012. []. "What Are the Steps of DNA Fingerprinting?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo! Web. 01 June 2012. <http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070724080659AArSWZf>. //