(a)	+Chromosomes+(Q+1-3)

CHROMOSOMES Chromosome Structure //A Chromosome is a DNA molecule within each cell nucleus that is packaged into a thread-like structure. Each chromosome is made of DNA that coils up and packages proteins, called histones. The histones are there to support the structure of the chromosome. The DNA from the Chromosomes includes genes, regulatory elements, and nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes are very important as they play a very important role in the process of mitosis and meiosis which replicates genes and produces diversity within each specie.//

*Proteins = structure, protection, turn genes on and off *DNA = Dioxyribo Nucleuic Acid, a group of genes that contains the blueprints of a human or any living thing that it's in

Diagram 1: a structure of chromosomes What is 'p arm' and 'q arm' ? There is a certain point called centromere in chromosomes which divide it into two parts. The short part or it is also called as short 'arm' is represented as 'p arm' while the long part (long arm) is represented as 'q arm'. The shape of chromosomes are different depends on where the centromere is located (What is a chromosome?).

Further information about chromosomes: media type="youtube" key="zf7tbymrv9o" height="315" width="420"

Karyotype

A kayrotype refers to the appearance of certain chromosomes. They describe the number of chromosomes and how they look like when viewed from a microscope. They help determine the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a single organism. The chromosomes to line in their pairs, Autosomes are come first and then the sex chromosomes. Autosomes are regular since it determines your hair colors, eye colors, allergies. Sex chromosomes determine you’re sexuality either as X or Y. Healthy Human would have 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.


 * Karyotype tells you three different things:**


 * Gender of an individual:**
 * If there is one X and one Y then the individual is male.
 * If there are two X then the individual is female.
 * |||||| Male  ||
 * Female ||   || X || Y ||
 * ^  || X || XX || XY ||
 * ^  || X || XX || XY ||


 * Species that it belongs to:**

Here are some examples:
 * 23 pairs of chromosomes indicate that this karyotype belongs to human.
 * Each species has a different amount of chromosomes pair.
 * Buffalo || 60 ||
 * Cat || 38 ||
 * Cattle || 60 ||
 * Dog || 78 ||
 * Donkey || 62 ||
 * Goat || 60 ||
 * Horse || 64 ||
 * Human || 46 ||
 * Pig || 38 ||
 * Sheep || 54 ||
 * If there is a disorder for the individual:**
 * There would be no disorder if there is one pair for each numbered chromosomes.

As mentioned above, humans use ‘karyotyping’ to examine abnormalities or genetic disorders. Doctors look at the arrangement of a karyotype to study possible genetic disorders.

How Karyotypes are examined media type="youtube" key="RTo2lRgfluI" height="315" width="560" align="center"

Karyotyping is extremely helpful for those who have suffered from a miscarriage. Examining the karyotype will inform whether the baby has a genetic disorder or not, before they are born.

It sometimes cannot be as useful because Karyotype does not show everything. Since Karyotype does not show; some time it is unable to predict some diseases. Normal Human Karyotype: Works cited
 * Presence and Location of tiny mutations
 * The number of genes in a chromosomes
 * Individual DNA genes

Dr. Gary Silberstein. How much DNA can dance on the head of a pin? N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . Institutobernabeu. "Karyotype." //YouTube //. YouTube, 23 May 2011. Web. 29 May 2012. . What is a chromosome? N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. [].

//Normal Human Karyotype //. Digital image. //Genetic Home Reference //. 28 May 2012. Web. 1 June 2012. [].